Evolution of microgastropods (Ellobioidea, Carychiidae): integrating taxonomic, phylogenetic and evolutionary hypotheses

BACKGROUND: Current biodiversity patterns are considered largely the result of past climatic and tectonic changes. In an integrative approach, we combine taxonomic and phylogenetic hypotheses to analyze temporal and geographic diversification of epigean (Carychium) and subterranean (Zospeum) evolutionary lineages in Carychiidae (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea). We explicitly test three hypotheses: 1) morphospecies encompass unrecognized evolutionary lineages, 2) limited dispersal results in a close genetic relationship of geographical proximally distributed taxa and 3) major climatic and tectonic events had an impact on lineage diversification within Carychiidae. RESULTS: Initial morphospecies assignments were investigated by different molecular delimitation approaches (threshold, ABGD, GMYC and SP). Despite a conservative delimitation strategy, carychiid morphospecies comprise a great number of unrecognized evolutionary lineages. We attribute this phenomenon to historic underestimation of morphological stasis and phenotypic variability amongst lineages. The first molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Carychiidae (based on COI, 16S and H3) reveals Carychium and Zospeum to be reciprocally monophyletic. Geographical proximally distributed lineages are often closely related. The temporal diversification of Carychiidae is best described by a constant rate model of diversification. The evolution of Carychiidae is characterized by relatively few (long distance) colonization events. We find support for an Asian origin of Carychium. Zospeum may have arrived in Europe before extant members of Carychium. Distantly related Carychium clades inhabit a wide spectrum of the available bioclimatic niche and demonstrate considerable niche overlap. CONCLUSIONS: Carychiid taxonomy is in dire need of revision. An inferred wide distribution and variable phenotype suggest underestimated diversity in Zospeum. Several Carychium morphospecies are results of past taxonomic lumping. By collecting populations at their type locality, molecular investigations are able to link historic morphospecies assignments to their respective evolutionary lineage. We propose that rare founder populations initially colonized a continent or cave system. Subsequent passive dispersal into adjacent areas led to in situ pan-continental or mountain range diversifications. Major environmental changes did not influence carychiid diversification. However, certain molecular delimitation methods indicated a recent decrease in diversification rate. We attribute this decrease to protracted speciation

Plan de cuidados estandarizado para pacientes con trastorno límite de la personalidad

Introducción: El Trastorno Límite de Personalidad (TLP) es una enfermedad psiquiátrica caracterizada por presentar un patrón general de inestabilidad en las relaciones interpersonales, la autoimagen y comportamiento. Actualmente afecta al 2% de la población total, comenzando en la adolescencia. Metodología: Para la realización del Plan de Cuidados Estandarizado(PCE) se empleó el modelo de Marjory Gordon, la Taxonomía NANDA II International (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) 2012-2014, la Clasificación de Resultados NOC (Nursing Outcomes Classification) y la Clasificación de Intervenciones NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification), además de la búsqueda de bibliografía en diferentes bases de datos y bibliotecas. Desarrollo: Tras la clasificación de todas las manifestaciones que se presentan por patrones de Gordon, se concluyeron los siguientes diagnósticos de enfermería con sus correspondientes objetivos e intervenciones: Afrontamiento ineficaz, riesgo de violencia autodirigida, Ansiedad, Baja autoestima situacional y Deterioro de la interacción social. Conclusión: A través de la elaboración de un PCE, se pudo concluir la falta de información, tanto general como protocolos o planes de cuidados, sobre el TLP en el entorno sanitario, con la intención de que la realización del PCE ayude a conocer la enfermedad y con ello a una mejor gestión de enfermería sobre los pacientes afectados

Comunidades y recursos naturales. Gestión del desarrollo rural

"La complejidad intrínseca del proceso de transformación que busca mejorar las condiciones de vida de diversos sectores de la población rural resalta la incorporación de la dimensión ambiental en el análisis de la disponibilidad, utilización y deterioro de los recursos naturales, y la importancia de los esfuerzos orientados al descubrimiento de las interacciones que las comunidades establecen con su medioambiente interno y externo; así como el estudio de los factores que potencian o limitan el despliegue de las capacidades propias para garantizar la supervivencia y la generación de beneficios sostenibles en mediano y largo plazo.

Fungal diversity in shade-coffee plantations in Soconusco, Mexico

Background As forested natural habitats disappear in the world, traditional, shade-coffee plantations offer an opportunity to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services. Traditional coffee plantations maintain a diversity of tree species that provide shade for coffee bushes and, at the same time, are important repositories for plants and animals that inhabited the original cloud forest. However, there is still little information about shade-coffee plantation’s fungal diversity despite their relevance for ecosystem functioning as decomposers, symbionts and pathogens. Specifically, it is unknown if and what mycorrhizae-forming fungi can be found on the branches and trunks of coffee bushes and trees, which hold a diversity of epiphytes. Here, we evaluate fungal communities on specific plant microsites on both coffee bushes and shade trees. We investigate the ecological roles played by this diversity, with a special focus on mycorrhizae-forming fungi that may enable the establishment and development of epiphytic plants. Methods We collected 48 bark samples from coffee bushes and shade trees (coffee; tree), from four plant microsites (upper and lower trunks, branches and twigs), in two shade-coffee plantations in the Soconusco region in southern Mexico, at different altitudes. We obtained ITS amplicon sequences that served to estimate alpha and beta diversity, to assign taxonomy and to infer the potential ecological role played by the detected taxa. Results The bark of shade trees and coffee bushes supported high fungal diversity (3,783 amplicon sequence variants). There were no strong associations between community species richness and collection site, plant type or microsite. However, we detected differences in beta diversity between collection sites. All trophic modes defined by FUNGuild database were represented in both plant types. However, when looking into guilds that involve mycorrhizae formation, the CLAM test suggests that coffee bushes are more likely to host taxa that may function as mycorrhizae. Discussion We detected high fungal diversity in shade-coffee plantations in Soconusco, Chiapas, possibly remnants of the original cloud forest ecosystem. Several mycorrhiza forming fungi guilds occur on the bark of coffee bushes and shade trees in this agroecosystem, with the potential of supporting epiphyte establishment and development. Thus, traditional coffee cultivation could be part of an integrated strategy for restoration and conservation of epiphytic populations. This is particularly relevant for conservation of threatened species of Orchidaceae that are highly dependent on mycorrhizae formation

Combining ultraconserved elements and mtDNA data to uncover lineage diversity in a Mexican highland frog (Sarcohyla; Hylidae)

Molecular studies have uncovered significant diversity in the Mexican Highlands, leading to the description of many new endemic species. DNA approaches to this kind of species discovery have included both mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequencing and multilocus genomic methods. While these marker types have often been pitted against one another, there are benefits to deploying them together, as linked mtDNA data can provide the bridge between uncovering lineages through rigorous multilocus genomic analysis and identifying lineages through comparison to existing mtDNA databases. Here, we apply one class of multilocus genomic marker, ultraconserved elements (UCEs), and linked mtDNA data to a species complex of frogs (Sarcohyla bistincta, Hylidae) found in the Mexican Highlands. We generated data from 1,891 UCEs, which contained 1,742 informative SNPs for S. bistincta and closely related species and captured mitochondrial genomes for most samples. Genetic analyses based on both whole loci and SNPs agree there are six to seven distinct lineages within what is currently described as S. bistincta. Phylogenies from UCEs and mtDNA mostly agreed in their topologies, and the few differences suggested a more complex evolutionary history of the mtDNA marker. Our study demonstrates that the Mexican Highlands still hold substantial undescribed diversity, making their conservation a particularly urgent goal. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Range stands out as a significant geographic feature in Sarcohyla and may have acted as a dispersal corridor for S. bistincta to spread to the north. Combining multilocus genomic data with linked mtDNA data is a useful approach for identifying potential new species and associating them with already described taxa, which will be especially important in groups with undescribed subadult phenotypes and cryptic species

Recent divergence and lack of shared phylogeographic history characterize the diversification of neotropical savanna birds

Aim Neotropical savanna birds occur north and south of, but mostly not in the Amazon Basin, except for a few isolated savanna patches. Here, we investigate the phylogeography of 23 taxa of Neotropical savanna birds co-distributed across multiple isolated savanna patches to assess to what extent these species have a shared history of spatial diversification. We explore the role of the forested Amazon Basin as a vicariant barrier separating northern and southern populations, particularly focusing on the role of the coastal savannas of Amapa as a potential corridor of gene flow between northern and southern populations. Location Neotropical savannas. Taxon Aves. Method We employ 775 mtDNA samples of 24 co-distributed savanna bird taxa from all major savanna patches in South America to infer phylogeographic patterns. For this purpose, we use 24 genomic samples (UCEs) of a subset of 12 taxa in addition to the mtDNA samples to estimate timing of divergence across the Amazon Basin. We use phylogeographic concordance factors (PCF) to assess the level of phylogeographic congruence across co-distributed taxa. Finally, we assess to which level physical distance drives genetic structuring by estimating isolation-by-distance (IBD) effects. Results We find that although the study taxa generally do not share similar diversification patterns geographically, many have at least two distinct genetic groups, one north and one south of the Amazon Basin, that have only recently diverged. The timing of divergence between both areas is generally centered in the late Pleistocene, but somewhat variable, indicating there is no single vicariant event responsible for driving diversification. Main conclusions Variability in divergence times indicates that landscape processes have not led to shared phylogeographic responses, which indicates a relatively minor role for vicariance. Shallow divergences suggest that Neotropical grassland habitats may have recently been more connected or that gene flow has played an important role. We did not find evidence of a single dominant corridor of dispersal between savannas north and south of the forested Amazon Basin.Peer reviewe

Lo binario femenino masculino. Simbolismos de género en conventos novohispanos

Este libro pretende dar visibilidad a la significativa influencia de las estructuras sociales de género en la edificación de la arquitectura conventual mexicana. los espacios habitados por mujeres de vida consagrada no han sido abordados con esta perspectiva , propone por primera vez una mirada académica al género como estructura social que dio origen tanto a las características físicas de la arquitectura conventual novohispana como a prácticas cotidianas que reflejaban una diferencia importante entre ideales de virilidad y feminidad

Phylogeography and genetic analysis of secondary contact zones of ctenosaura pectinata and related species

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

On the morphology of Plectrohyla chryses (Anura: Hylidae; Hylini), with comments on some controversial characters, phylogenetic relationships, and diagnosis of this species

We describe the tadpole and juvenile of Plectrohyla chryses and conduct an analysis of skin thickness and a general phylogenetic analysis of the Hylini to determine the phylogenetic position of P. chryses. We found that P. chryses has thin skin and that is part of the P. bistincta group. We also found that adult P. chryses have an axillary membrane and a thoracic fold, but that the rostral keel is absent. We conclude that only the character “skin thickness” is useful for the diagnosis of P. chryses, and we propose a new diagnosis for this species

Genetic tools for assisting sustainable management and conservation of the spiny-tailed iguana, Ctenosaura pectinata

[EN] The System of Management Units for the Conservation of Wildlife (Sistema de Unidades de Manejo para la Conservación de la Vida Silvestre, SUMA), regulated by the Mexican Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, seeks the correct management and sustainable use of wildlife. The main tool used by SUMA is wildlife management units (UMAs) that harbor wildlife for several purposes (e.g., production, education, research, conservation, and exhibition). Ctenosaura pectinata, a threatened Mexican endemic spiny-tailed iguana, is legally managed through UMAs, some of them harboring individuals that were unwanted pets or confiscations of unknown origin. Facilities may become overcrowded, as iguanas cannot be returned to the wild without knowledge of their origins. This may lead to irresponsible or accidental releases of individuals or their captive-born offspring into the wild; a potential source of genetic contamination to local populations. To promote proper management of captive individuals and to evaluate their potential reintroduction into the wild, we created and tested a distribution-wide database to identify the origin of 24 confiscated individuals harbored in two UMAs in México. We compiled mtDNA and microsatellite data derived from previous studies, including 341 individuals from 49 localities. We applied two Bayesian methods for population genetic assignment using the database as a baseline. In several cases, it was possible to narrow down the potential geographic region of origin when considering mtDNA together with the microsatellite data. The database is potentially a useful resource for authorities and conservation organizations.[ES] El Sistema de Unidades de Manejo para la conservación de la Vida Silvestre (SUMA), regulado por la Secretaría del Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales en México, busca el manejo correcto y el uso sustentable de la vida silvestre. El instrumento principal que usa SUMA son las unidades de manejo de vida silvestre (UMAs) que albergan vida silvestre con diferentes propósitos (e.g., producción, educación, investigación, conservación, y exibición). La iguana negra Ctenosaura pectinata es una especie amenazada y endémica de México que es manejada a través de UMAs, algunas de las cuales albergan iguanas que fueron mascotas indeseadas o decomisadas, de origen desconocido. Las instalaciones pueden llegar a superpoblarse al no poder regresar las iguanas a su hábitat sin saber de dónde vienen. Esto puede llevar a liberaciones irresponsables o escapes de individuos o su descendencia nacida en cautiverio, constituyendo así una fuente potencial de ‘contaminación genética’ para las poblaciones locales. Para promover el manejo adecuado de los individuos en cautiverio y evaluar la posibilidad de su liberación en su hábitat, creamos una base de datos que cubre la distribución entera de la especie, para identificar el sitio de origen de 24 individuos confiscados y albergados en dos zoológicos en México. Recopilamos datos de DNA mitocondrial y microsatelital derivados de estudios previos que incluyen 341 individuos de 49 localidades. Empleamos dos métodos bayesianos de asignación genética de poblaciones usando la base de datos como referencia. En algunos casos fue posible reducir el número de potenciales regiones geográficas de origen cuando se usa la información mitocondrial y microsatelital conjuntamente. La base de datos es potencialmente un recurso útil para las autoridades y organizaciones involucradas en la conservación de la especie.This project was funded through a scholarship awarded to EZ by CONACyT (National Council of Science and Technology in México) as part of her Ph.D. studies at the University of East Anglia, United Kingdom, and grant IN206911–3, Programa de Apoyo a la Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, UNAM, to VHR.Peer ReviewedPeer Reviewe